Magnetospheric Ducting Theory

• In 1980, researchers from Stanford University reported that LDEs of less than one second duration below 5 MHz can be explained by ducts that align themselves along magnetoshperic N-S lines. The signal travels 40,000km to the other hemisphere, reflects, and travels back.

• These LDEs occur principally on 80M.

• Research satellite Alouette 1 data strongly correlates with this theory.